% \iffalse meta-comment % % phoenician.dtx % % Author: Peter Wilson (Herries Press) herries dot press at earthlink dot net % Copyright 1999--2006 Peter R. Wilson % % This work may be distributed and/or modified under the % conditions of the Latex Project Public License, either % version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any % later version. % The latest version of the license is in % http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt % and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of % LaTeX version 2003/06/01 or later. % % This work has the LPPL maintenance status "author-maintained". % % This work consists of the files listed in the README file. % %<*driver> \documentclass[twoside]{ltxdoc} \usepackage{phoenician} \usepackage{url} \usepackage[draft=false, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels, bookmarksnumbered, hyperindex=false ]{hyperref} \providecommand{\phantomsection}{} \OnlyDescription %% comment this out for the full glory \EnableCrossrefs \CodelineIndex \setcounter{StandardModuleDepth}{1} \makeatletter \@mparswitchfalse \makeatother \renewcommand{\MakeUppercase}[1]{#1} \pagestyle{headings} \newenvironment{addtomargins}[1]{% \begin{list}{}{% \topsep 0pt% \addtolength{\leftmargin}{#1}% \addtolength{\rightmargin}{#1}% \listparindent \parindent \itemindent \parindent \parsep \parskip}% \item[]}{\end{list}} \begin{document} \raggedbottom \DocInput{phoenician.dtx} \end{document} % % % \fi % % \CheckSum{491} % % \DoNotIndex{\',\.,\@M,\@@input,\@addtoreset,\@arabic,\@badmath} % \DoNotIndex{\@centercr,\@cite} % \DoNotIndex{\@dotsep,\@empty,\@float,\@gobble,\@gobbletwo,\@ignoretrue} % \DoNotIndex{\@input,\@ixpt,\@m} % \DoNotIndex{\@minus,\@mkboth,\@ne,\@nil,\@nomath,\@plus,\@set@topoint} % \DoNotIndex{\@tempboxa,\@tempcnta,\@tempdima,\@tempdimb} % \DoNotIndex{\@tempswafalse,\@tempswatrue,\@viipt,\@viiipt,\@vipt} % \DoNotIndex{\@vpt,\@warning,\@xiipt,\@xipt,\@xivpt,\@xpt,\@xviipt} % \DoNotIndex{\@xxpt,\@xxvpt,\\,\ ,\addpenalty,\addtolength,\addvspace} % \DoNotIndex{\advance,\Alph,\alph} % \DoNotIndex{\arabic,\ast,\begin,\begingroup,\bfseries,\bgroup,\box} % \DoNotIndex{\bullet} % 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\DoNotIndex{\numberline,\OldMakeindex,\OnlyDescription,\p@} % \DoNotIndex{\pagestyle,\par,\paragraph,\paragraphmark,\parfillskip} % \DoNotIndex{\penalty,\PrintChanges,\PrintIndex,\ProcessOptions} % \DoNotIndex{\protect,\ProvidesClass,\raggedbottom,\raggedright} % \DoNotIndex{\refstepcounter,\relax,\renewcommand,\reset@font} % \DoNotIndex{\rightmargin,\rightmark,\rightskip,\rlap,\rmfamily,\roman} % \DoNotIndex{\roman,\secdef,\selectfont,\setbox,\setcounter,\setlength} % \DoNotIndex{\settowidth,\sfcode,\skip,\sloppy,\slshape,\space} % \DoNotIndex{\symbol,\the,\trivlist,\typeout,\tw@,\undefined,\uppercase} % \DoNotIndex{\usecounter,\usefont,\usepackage,\vfil,\vfill,\viiipt} % \DoNotIndex{\viipt,\vipt,\vskip,\vspace} % \DoNotIndex{\wd,\xiipt,\year,\z@} % % \changes{v1.0}{1999/03/14}{First public release} % \changes{v2.0}{2000/10/01}{Major changes to practically everything} % \changes{v2.1}{2005/04/04}{Minor circumstances and Type1} % \changes{v2.2}{2006/02/05}{Changes to two characters plus some fixes} % % \def\fileversion{v1.0} \def\filedate{1999/03/14} % \def\fileversion{v2.0} \def\filedate{2000/10/01} % \def\fileversion{v2.1} \def\filedate{2005/04/04} % \def\fileversion{v2.2} \def\filedate{2006/02/05} % \newcommand*{\Lpack}[1]{\textsf {#1}} ^^A typeset a package % \newcommand*{\Lopt}[1]{\textsf {#1}} ^^A typeset an option % \newcommand*{\file}[1]{\texttt {#1}} ^^A typeset a file % \newcommand*{\Lcount}[1]{\textsl {\small#1}} ^^A typeset a counter % \newcommand*{\pstyle}[1]{\textsl {#1}} ^^A typeset a pagestyle % \newcommand*{\Lenv}[1]{\texttt {#1}} ^^A typeset an environment % \newcommand{\BC}{\textsc{bc}} % \newcommand{\AD}{\textsc{ad}} % \newcommand{\thisfont}{Phoenician} % % \title{The \Lpack{Phoenician} fonts\thanks{This % file has version number \fileversion, last revised % \filedate.}} % % \author{% % Peter Wilson\thanks{\texttt{herries dot press at earthlink dot net}}\\ % Herries Press % } % \date{\filedate} % \maketitle % \begin{abstract} % The \Lpack{phoenician} package provides a set of Postscript Type1 % fonts for the Phoenician script used about 1100~\BC. % \end{abstract} % \tableofcontents % % % \section{Introduction} % % The Phoenician alphabet and characters is a direct ancestor of our modern day % Latin alphabet and fonts. % The font presented here is one of a series of fonts intended to show how % the modern Latin alphabet has evolved from its original Phoenician form % to its present day appearance. % % This manual is typeset according to the conventions of the % \LaTeX{} \textsc{docstrip} utility which enables the automatic % extraction of the \LaTeX{} macro source files~\cite{MITTELBACH04}. % % Section~\ref{sec:usc} describes the usage of the package. % Commented MetaFont code for the fonts % and source code for the package may be in later sections. % % \subsection{An alphabetic tree} % % Scholars are reasonably agreed that all the world's alphabets are descended % from a Semitic alphabet invented about 1600~\BC{} in the Middle % East~\cite{DRUCKER95}. The word `Semitic' refers % to the family of languages used in the geographical area from % Sinai in the south, up the Mediterranean coast to Asia Minor in the north and % west to the valley of the Euphrates. % % The Phoenician alphabet was stable by about 1100~\BC{} and the script was % written right to left. In earlier times the writing direction was variable, % and so were % the shapes and orientation of the characters. The alphabet consisted of % 22 letters and they were named after things. For example, their first two % letters were called \textit{aleph} (ox), and \textit{beth} (house). % The Phoenician script had % only one case --- unlike our modern fonts which have both upper- and % lower-cases. In modern terms the Phoenician abecedary was: \\ % A B G D E Y Z H $\Theta$ I K L M N X O P ts Q R S T \\ % where the `Y' (\textit{vau}) character was sometimes written as `F', and % `ts' stands for the \textit{tsade} character. % % The Greek alphabet is one of the descendants of the Phoenician alphabet; % another was Aramaic which is the ancestor of the Arabic, Persian and Indian % scripts. % Initially Greek was written right to left but around the 6th C~\BC{} became % \textit{boustrophedron}, meaning that the lines % alternated in direction. At about 500~\BC{} the writing direction stabilised % as left to % right. The Greeks modified the Phoenician alphabet to match the vocalisation % of their language. They kept the Phoenician names of the letters, suitably % `greekified', so \textit{aleph} became the familar \textit{alpha} and % \textit{beth} became \textit{beta}. At this % point the names of the letters had no meaning. Their were several variants % of the Greek character glyphs until they were finally fixed in Athens in % 403~\BC. % The Greeks did not develop a lower-case % script until about 600--700~\AD. % % The Etruscans based their alphabet on the Greek one, and again modified it. % However, the Etruscans wrote right to left, so their borrowed characters are % mirror images of the original Greek ones. Like the Phoenicians, the Etruscan % script consisted of only one case; they died out before ever needing a % lower-case script. The Etruscan script was used up until the first century % \AD, even though the Etruscans themselves had dissapeared by that time. % % % In turn, the Romans based their alphabet on the Etruscan one, but as they % wrote left to right, the characters were again mirrored (although the early % Roman inscriptions are boustrophedron). % % As the English alphabet is descended from the Roman alphabet % it has a pedigree of some three and a half thousand years. % % \section{The \Lpack{phoenician} package} \label{sec:usc} % % The Phoenician alphabet consisted of 22 letters. % The Phoenician font as provided here consists of 23 letter shapes % as there appears to be two forms of the letter \textit{vav}. % I have used infromation from Johanna Drucker~\cite{DRUCKER95}, % John Healey~\cite{HEALEY90} and % Richard Firmage~\cite{FIRMAGE93}, as well as the % \textit{Encyclopedia Brittanica}, in deciding on the letter shapes. % % % Table~\ref{tab} lists, in the \thisfont{} alphabetical order, the % transliterated value of the characters and, where I know it, the % modern name of the character. % % \begin{table} % \centering % \caption{The \thisfont{} script and alphabet}\label{tab} % \begin{tabular}{cclcll} \hline % Glyph & Value & Name & ASCII & Commands (L-R) & Commands (R-L)\\ \hline % \textphnc{a} & \textit{a} & % aleph & % ' a & |\Arq| |\Aa| |\Aaleph| & % |\ARrq| |\ARa| |\ARaleph| % \\ % \textphnc{b} & \textit{b} & % beth & % b & |\Ab| |\Abeth| & % |\ARb| |\ARbeth| % \\ % \textphnc{g} & \textit{g} & % gimel & % g & |\Ag| |\Agimel| & % |\ARg| |\ARgimel| % \\ % \textphnc{d} & \textit{d} & % daleth & % d & |\Ad| |\Adaleth| & % |\ARd| |\ARdaleth| % \\ % \textphnc{h} & \textit{h} & % he & % h & |\Ah| |\Ahe| & % |\ARh| |\ARhe| % \\ % \textphnc{f} & \textit{w} & % vav & % f & |\Af| |\Avaf| & % |\ARf| |\ARvaf| % \\ % \textphnc{w} & \textit{w} & % vav & % w & |\Aw| |\Avav| & % |\ARw| |\ARvav| % \\ % \textphnc{z} & \textit{z} & % zayin & % z & |\Az| |\Azayin| & % |\ARz| |\ARzayin| % \\ % \textphnc{H} & \textit{\d{h}} & % heth & % H & |\Ahd| |\Aheth| & % |\ARhd| |\ARheth| % \\ % \textphnc{T} & \textit{\d{t}} & % teth & % T & |\Atd| |\Ateth| & % |\ARtd| |\ARteth| % \\ % \textphnc{y} & \textit{y} & % yod & % y & |\Ay| |\Ayod| & % |\ARy| |\ARyod| % \\ % \textphnc{k} & \textit{k} & % kaph & % k & |\Ak| |\Akaph| & % |\ARk| |\ARkaph| % \\ % \textphnc{l} & \textit{l} & % lamed & % l & |\Al| |\Alamed| & % |\ARl| |\ARlamed| % \\ % \textphnc{m} & \textit{m} & % mem & % m & |\Am| |\Amem| & % |\ARm| |\ARmem| % \\ % \textphnc{n} & \textit{n} & % nun & % n & |\An| |\Anun| & % |\ARn| |\ARnun| % \\ % \textphnc{s} & \textit{s} & % samekh & % s & |\As| |\Asamekh| & % |\ARs| |\ARsamekh| % \\ % \textphnc{o} & \textit{`} & % ayin & % ` o & |\Alq| |\Ao| |\Aayin| & % |\ARlq| |\ARo| |\ARayin| % \\ % \textphnc{p} & \textit{p} & % pe & % p & |\Ap| |\Ape| & % |\ARp| |\ARpe| % \\ % \textphnc{x} & \textit{\d{s}} & % sade & % x & |\Asd| |\Asade| & % |\ARsd| |\ARsade| % \\ % \textphnc{q} & \textit{q} & % qoph & % q & |\Aq| |\Aqoph| & % |\ARq| |\ARqoph| % \\ % \textphnc{r} & \textit{r} & % resh & % r & |\Ar| |\Aresh| & % |\ARr| |\ARresh| % \\ % \textphnc{S} & \textit{\v{s}} & % shin & % S & |\Asv| |\Ashin| & % |\ARsv| |\ARshin| % \\ % \textphnc{t} & \textit{t} & % tav & % t & |\At| |\Atav| & % |\ARt| |\ARtav| % \\ % \hline % \end{tabular} % \end{table} % % % % % \DescribeMacro{\phncfamily} % This command selects the Phoenician font family. The family name is |phnc|. % % \DescribeMacro{\textphnc} % The command |\textphnc{|\meta{text}|}| typesets \meta{text} in the % Phoenician font. % % I have provided three ways of accessing the \thisfont{} glyphs: % (a) by ASCII characters, % (b) by commands whose names are based on the transliterated values, and % (c) by commands whose names are based on the (modern) name of the % character. % These are shown in Table~\ref{tab} for left-to-right writing. For % right-to-left typesetting the glyphs, which are mirror images of % those for left-to-right writing, can only be accessed by commands % corresponding to those in the table --- those that are of the form % |\ARxxx| instead of |\Axxx|. % % \DescribeMacro{\translitphnc} % The command |\translitphnc{|\meta{commands}|}| will typeset the % transliteration of the \thisfont{} character commands (those in the % last two columns of Table~\ref{tab}). % % \DescribeMacro{\translitphncfont} % The font used for the transliteration is defined by this macro, % which is initialised to an italic font (i.e., |\itshape|). % % % \StopEventually{ % % \bibliographystyle{alpha} % \begin{thebibliography}{GMS94} % % \bibitem[Dru95]{DRUCKER95} % Johanna Drucker. % \newblock \emph{The Alphabetic Labyrinth}. % \newblock Thames and Hudson, 1995. % % \bibitem[Fir93]{FIRMAGE93} % Richard A.~Firmage. % \newblock \emph{The Alphabet Abecedarium}. % \newblock David R.~Goodine, 1993. % % \bibitem[Hea90]{HEALEY90} % John F.~Healey. % \newblock \emph{The Early Alphabet}. % \newblock University of California Press/British Museum, 1990. % % \bibitem[MG04]{MITTELBACH04} % Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens. % \newblock \emph{The LaTeX Companion}. % \newblock Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, second edition, 2004. % % \end{thebibliography} % \PrintIndex % } % % \section{The Metafont code} \label{sec:mf} % % \subsection{The parameter file} % % We deal with the parameter file first, and start by announcing % what it is for. % \begin{macrocode} %<*up> %%% PHNC10.MF Computer Phoenician font 10 point design size. % \end{macrocode} % Specify the font size. % \begin{macrocode} font_identifier:="Archaic-Phoenician"; font_size 10pt#; % \end{macrocode} % % % \begin{macro}{u} % \begin{macro}{ht} % \begin{macro}{s} % \begin{macro}{o} % \begin{macro}{px} % \begin{macro}{font-normal-space} % \begin{macro}{font-normal-shrink} % \begin{macro}{font-x-height} % \begin{macro}{font-quad} % Define the very simple font parameters. % \begin{macrocode} u#:=.2pt#; % unit width ht#:=7pt#; % height of characters (CM cap-height is approx 6.8pt) s#:=1.5pt#; % width correction (right and left) o#:=1/20pt#; % overshoot px#:=.7pt#; % horizontal width of pen font_normal_space:=7pt#; % width of a blank space font_normal_shrink:=.9pt#; % width correction for blank space font_x_height:=4.5pt#; % height of one ex font_quad:=10pt#; % an em % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % % For a full font, normally the driver file would be called next. % In this case I have embedded it. % \begin{macrocode} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % end of parameters % start of driver code %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % \end{macrocode} % % % \subsection{The driver file} % % If there was a seperate driver file, this would be its contents. % % \begin{macrocode} font_coding_scheme:="Archaic-Phoenician"; mode_setup; % \end{macrocode} % % \begin{macro}{ho} % \begin{macro}{leftloc} % \begin{macro}{py} % Perform additional setup. % \begin{macrocode} ho#:=o#; % horizontal overshoot leftloc#:=s#; % leftmost xcoord of character py#:=.9px#; % vertical thickness of the pen define_pixels(s,u); define_blacker_pixels(px,py); define_good_x_pixels(leftloc); define_corrected_pixels(o); % turn on overshoot correction define_horizontal_corrected_pixels(ho); % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{midloc} % \begin{macro}{rightloc} % Variables for the middle xcoord and rightmost xcoord of a character. % \begin{macrocode} numeric midloc, rightloc; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{stylus} % Define the pen. % \begin{macrocode} pickup pencircle xscaled px yscaled py; stylus:=savepen; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{beginglyph} % A macro to save some typing of beginchar arguments. % \begin{macrocode} def beginglyph(expr code, unit_width) = beginchar(code, unit_width*ht#+2s#, ht#, 0); midloc:=1/2w; rightloc:=(w-s); pickup stylus enddef; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{cmchar} % |cmchar| should precede each character % \begin{macrocode} let cmchar=\; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % This would be the end of the driver file, except for calling the % glyph code file. % % % \subsection{The glyph code} % % The following code generates the glyphs for the Phoenician font. The characters % are defined in the Phoenician alphabetic ordering. % % \begin{macrocode} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % end of driver code % start of glyph code %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % \end{macrocode} % % \begin{macro}{'} % The Phoenician \textit{alpeh} (ox), which is like our A but tilted. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter aleph (')"; beginglyph("'",0.6); x3=rightloc; y3=0.5h; % apex x1=0.1[leftloc, rightloc]; y1=0.1h; % bottom leg end z2=(leftloc,0.9h); % top leg end x7= 0.7[leftloc, rightloc]; y7=0; % construction points x6= 0.2[leftloc, rightloc]; y6=h; z4'= whatever[z1,z3] = whatever[z7,z6]; % bottom leg intersection z5'= whatever[z2,z3] = whatever[z7,z6]; % top leg intersection z4 = 1.2[z5', z4']; z5 = 1.1[z4', z5']; draw z1--z3--z2; % the legs draw z4--z5; % the bar labels(1,2,3,4,4',5,5',6,7); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{a} % The Phoenician \textit{aleph} (ox), which is like our A but tilted. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter aleph (a)"; beginglyph("a",0.6); x3=rightloc; y3=0.5h; % apex x1=0.1[leftloc, rightloc]; y1=0.1h; % bottom leg end z2=(leftloc,0.9h); % top leg end x7= 0.7[leftloc, rightloc]; y7=0; % construction points x6= 0.2[leftloc, rightloc]; y6=h; z4'= whatever[z1,z3] = whatever[z7,z6]; % bottom leg intersection z5'= whatever[z2,z3] = whatever[z7,z6]; % top leg intersection z4 = 1.2[z5', z4']; z5 = 1.1[z4', z5']; draw z1--z3--z2; % the legs draw z4--z5; % the bar labels(1,2,3,4,4',5,5',6,7); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{b} % The Phoenician \textit{beth} (house), somewhat like a modern P. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter beth (b)"; beginglyph("b",0.6); x1=x3=0.2[leftloc, rightloc]; rt x4=rightloc; y4= 0.75h; x2=leftloc; bot y1=-o; top y3=h; y2=0.5h; draw z1..z2..z3; % the upright draw z3--z4--z2; % upper bowl labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{g} % The Phoenician \textit{gimel} (camel). Like a broken topped T. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter gimel (g)"; beginglyph("g", 0.6); x3=leftloc; x1=x2=midloc; x4=rightloc; bot y1=-o; y2=y3=h; y4=0.8h; draw z1--z2; % the stem draw z3--z2--z4; % the top bar labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{D} % The Phoenician \textit{daleth} (door); it's like the Greek \textit{delta} ($\Delta$). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter daleth (d)"; beginglyph("d",0.6); x1=leftloc; x2=rightloc; x3=midloc; bot y1= bot y2= 0; top y3=h; draw z1--z2--z3--cycle; labels(1,2,3); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{h} % The Phoenician \textit{he} (window?), like a droopy E. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter he (h)"; beginglyph("h",0.6); numeric alpha; alpha:=0.1; x4=x5=x6=x7=leftloc; x1=x2=x3=rightloc; bot y4=-o; y7=h; y6=.7h; y5=.4h; y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h; draw z4--z7; % the upright draw z1--z5; draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{f} % This is one of forms of the Phoenician \textit{vau} (nail). % It's like a 2-armed E. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter vau (f)"; beginglyph("f",0.6); numeric alpha; alpha:=0.1; x4=x5=x6=x7=leftloc; x1=x2=x3=rightloc; bot y4=-o; y7=h; y6=.6h; y5=.4h; y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h; draw z4--z7; % the upright draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{z} % The Phoenician \textit{zayin} (dagger?). It looks like a modern seriffed I. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter zayin (z)"; beginglyph("z",0.2); x1=x2=midloc; bot y1=-o; top y2=h; draw z1--z2; % the upright x3=x5=leftloc; x4=x6=rightloc; y3=y4=y1; y5=y6=y2; draw z3--z4; % lower bar draw z5--z6; % upper bar labels(1,2); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % % % \begin{macro}{H} % The Phoenician \textit{cheth} (fence?). It looks like a rectangle with % one horizontal internal bar. % \changes{v2.2}{2006/02/05}{Deleted one bar from (c)heth} % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter cheth (H)"; beginglyph("H", 0.6); numeric alpha; alpha:=0.1; x4=x6=leftloc; x1=x3=rightloc; bot y1=-o; top y6=h; y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h; z2=0.5[z1,z3]; z5=0.5[z4,z6]; draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle; % outer boundary draw z2--z5; % bar labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{Thet} % The Phoenician \textit{thet}. It's a precursor of the Greek \textit{theta} ($\Theta$). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter thet (T)"; beginglyph("T",1.0); path p; x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc; y2=h; y4=0; x2=x4=midloc; y1=y3=h/2; z100=(x2,y3); % circle center p = z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle; z11= (z100--(leftloc,h)) intersectionpoint p; z12= (z100--(rightloc,h)) intersectionpoint p; z13= (z100--(rightloc,0)) intersectionpoint p; z14= (z100--(leftloc,0)) intersectionpoint p; draw p; draw z11--z13; draw z12--z14; % the cross labels(1,2,3,4,11,12,13,14); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % \begin{macro}{y} % The Phoenician \textit{yod} (hand). % A bit like a leaning F with a reversed leaning L. % \changes{v2.2}{2006/02/05}{Completely changed yod --- it was horribly wrong} % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter yod (y)"; beginglyph("y",0.6); x1=rightloc; y1=0.7h; % end top arm x4=leftloc; y4=0.25h; % end bottom arm x2=1/3[x1,x4]; y2=h; % top x3=1/4[x4,x1]; y3=0; % bottom z5=5/8[z3,z2]; z5-z6 = 0.6(z2-z1); % middle arm draw z1--z2--z3--z4; draw z5--z6; labels (1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % \begin{macro}{k} % The Phoenician \textit{kaph} (palm of the hand). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter kaph (k)"; beginglyph("k",0.6); numeric alpha; alpha:=0.8; z1=(rightloc,0); z3=(rightloc,h); z5=(leftloc,h); z4=alpha[z1,z5]; z2=alpha[z1,z3]; draw z1--z5; % the stem draw z3--z4--z2; % arms labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{l} % The letter \textit{lamed} (ox goad) which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician lamed (l)"; beginglyph("l",0.4); x1=leftloc; x2=x3=rightloc; bot y2=-o; y1=.3h; y3=h; draw z2--z3; % the upright draw z2--z1; % the arms labels(1,2,3); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{m} % The Phoenician \textit{mem} (water). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar"Phoenician letter mem (m)"; beginglyph("m",1.0); x1=rightloc; x5=x6=leftloc; x2=3/4[x5,x1]; x3=1/2[x5,x1]; x4=1/4[x5,x1]; bot y6= -o; top y5= top y3 = h; top y1=.8h; y2=.6h; y4=.7h; draw z6--z5; draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5; labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{n} % The Phoenician \textit{nun} (fish). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter nun (n)"; beginglyph("n",0.6); x1=rightloc; x3=midloc; x2=x4=leftloc; bot y2=-o; top y1= top y4= h; y3=.7h; draw z2--z4; draw z1--z3--z4; labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % \begin{macro}{s} % The Phoenician \textit{samech} (post). % It is a progenitor of the Greek \textit{xi} ($\Xi$). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter samekh (s)"; beginglyph("s", 0.6); x1= x2 = midloc; x3=x4=x5=leftloc; x6=x7=x8=rightloc; y1=0; y3=y6=0.4h; y4=y7=0.7h; y5=y2=y8=h; draw z1--z2; % upright draw z3--z6; draw z4--z7; draw z5--z8; % arms labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{o} % The Phoenician \textit{ayin} (eye). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter ayin (o)"; beginglyph("o",1.0); x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc; y2=h; y4=0; x2=x4=midloc; y1=y3=h/2; draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle; labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{`} % The Phoenician \textit{ayin} (eye). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter ayin (`)"; beginglyph("`",1.0); x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc; y2=h; y4=0; x2=x4=midloc; y1=y3=h/2; draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle; labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{p} % The Phoenician \textit{pe} (mouth). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter pe (p)"; beginglyph("p", 0.4); x1=rightloc; x2=x3=leftloc; bot y3=-o; y2=h; y1=0.8h; draw z1..z2{left}--z3; labels(1,2,3); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{x} % The Phoenician \textit{tsade}. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter tsade (x)"; beginglyph("x", 0.6); x1=x2=rightloc; x3=0.4[leftloc, rightloc]; x4=0.6[leftloc, rightloc]; x5=leftloc; y1=0; y2=y3=h; y4=y5=0.8h; draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5; labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % \begin{macro}{q} % The Phoenician \textit{qoph} (knot?). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter qoph (q)"; beginglyph("q",0.6); numeric alpha; x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc; alpha=0.5(x3-x1); % circle radius y2=h; y4=y2-2alpha; bot y5=-o; x2=x4=x5=midloc; y1=y3=h-alpha; draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle; % the circle draw z5--z2; % the upright labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{r} % The Phoenician \textit{resh} (head). It looks a little like a P. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter resh(r)"; beginglyph("r", 0.4); x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=rightloc; bot y1=-o; top y2=h; y3=y4=0.5h; draw z1--z2--z4--z3; labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{S} % The Phoenician \textit{shin} (teeth). It's like a Greek \textit{sigma} ($\Sigma$) % lying on its side. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter shin (S)"; beginglyph("S", 0.6); z1=(leftloc,h); z5=(rightloc,h); x2 = 0.2[leftloc, rightloc]; x4 = 0.8[leftloc, rightloc]; x3=midloc; y2=y4=0; y3 = 0.4h; draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5; labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{t} % The Phoenician \textit{tav} (mark). % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter tav (t)"; beginglyph("t", 0.5); x1=x2=midloc; x3=leftloc; x4=rightloc; bot y1=0; y2=h; y3=y4=0.6h; draw z1--z2; % the stem draw z3--z4; % the crossbar labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{w} % Another form of the Phoenician \textit{vau}. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter vau (w)"; beginglyph("w", 0.6); x1=x2=midloc; x3=leftloc; x4=rightloc; bot y1=0; y2=0.6h; y3=y4=h; draw z1--z2; % the stem draw z3--z2--z4; % the crossbar labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % % The following characters are for the normal Phoenician writing mode % of right to left. The characters are mirror images of the ASCII uppercase % counterparts. Symmetric characters that are called by \LaTeX{} commands % need not be coded. % % % \begin{macro}{A} % The Phoenician \textit{aleph} (ox), which is like our A but tilted. % \changes{v2.2}{2006/02/05}{Added the missing R-L aleph} % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter R-L aleph (A)"; beginglyph("A",0.6); x3=leftloc; y3=0.5h; % apex x1=0.1[rightloc,leftloc]; y1=0.1h; % end bottom leg z2=(rightloc,0.9h); % end top leg x7=0.7[rightloc,leftloc]; y7=0; % construction points x6=0.2[rightloc,leftloc]; y6=h; z4'= whatever[z1,z3] = whatever[z7,z6]; % bottom leg intersection z5'= whatever[z2,z3] = whatever[z7,z6]; % top leg intersection z4 = 1.2[z5', z4']; z5 = 1.1[z4', z5']; draw z1--z3--z2; % the legs draw z4--z5; % the bar labels(1,2,3,4,4',5,5',6,7); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{B} % The letter beth, which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L b (B)"; beginglyph("B",0.6); x1=x3=0.2[rightloc, leftloc]; lft x4=leftloc; y4= 0.75h; x2=rightloc; bot y1=-o; top y3=h; y2=0.5h; draw z1..z2..z3; % the upright draw z3--z4--z2; % the bowl labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{G} % The letter G which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L g (G)"; beginglyph("G", 0.6); x3=rightloc; x1=x2=midloc; x4=leftloc; bot y1=-o; y2=y3=h; y4=0.8h; draw z1--z2; % the stem draw z3--z2--z4; % top bar labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{e} % The letter he which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L he (e)"; beginglyph("e",0.6); numeric alpha; alpha:=0.1; x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=x5=x6=x7=rightloc; bot y4=-o; y7=h; y6=.7h; y5=.4h; y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h; draw z4--z7; % the upright draw z1--z5; draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{F} % The letter vau (f) which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L f-vau (F)"; beginglyph("F",0.6); numeric alpha; alpha:=0.1; x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=x5=x6=x7=rightloc; bot y4=-o; y7=h; y6=.6h; y5=.4h; y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h; draw z4--z7; % the upright draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % \begin{macro}{E} % The letter heth which is asymmetrical. % \changes{v2.2}{2006/02/05}{Deleted one bar from L-R heth} % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L heth (E)"; beginglyph("E", 0.6); numeric alpha; alpha:=0.1; x1=x3=leftloc; x4=x6=rightloc; bot y1=-o; top y6=h; y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h; z2=0.5[z1,z3]; z5=0.5[z4,z6]; draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle; % outer boundary draw z2--z5; % bar labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % % \begin{macro}{Y} % The Phoenician \textit{yod} (hand), which is asymetrical. % A bit like a leaning F with a reversed leaning L. % \changes{v2.2}{2006/02/05}{Added L-R yod} % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician letter L-R yod (Y)"; beginglyph("Y",0.6); x1=leftloc; y1=0.7h; % end top arm x4=rightloc; y4=0.25h; % end bottom arm x2=1/3[x1,x4]; y2=h; % top x3=1/4[x4,x1]; y3=0; % bottom z5=5/8[z3,z2]; z5-z6 = 0.6(z2-z1); % middle arm draw z1--z2--z3--z4; draw z5--z6; labels (1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % \begin{macro}{K} % The letter kaph which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L kaph (K)"; beginglyph("K",0.6); numeric alpha; alpha:=0.8; z1=(leftloc,0); z3=(leftloc,h); z5=(rightloc,h); z4=alpha[z1,z5]; z2=alpha[z1,z3]; draw z1--z5; % the stem draw z3--z4--z2; % the arms labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{L} % The Phoenician \textit{lamed} (ox goad) which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L lamed (L)"; beginglyph("L",0.4); x2=x3=leftloc; x1=rightloc; bot y2=-o; y1=.3h; y3=h; draw z2--z3; % the upright draw z2--z1; % the arms labels(1,2,3); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{M} % The letter mem which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar"Phoenician R-L mem (M)"; beginglyph("M",1.0); x1=leftloc; x5=x6=rightloc; x2=1/4[x1,x5]; x3=1/2[x1,x5]; x4=3/4[x1,x5]; bot y6= -o; top y5= top y3 = h; top y1=.8h; y2=.6h; y4=.7h; draw z6--z5; draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5; labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{N} % The letter nun which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L nun (N)"; beginglyph("N",0.6); x1=leftloc; x3=midloc; x2=x4=rightloc; bot y2=-o; top y1= top y4= h; y3=.7h; draw z2--z4; draw z1--z3--z4; labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % \begin{macro}{P} % The letter pe which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L pe (P)"; beginglyph("P", 0.4); x1=leftloc; x2=x3=rightloc; bot y3=-o; y2=h; y1=0.8h; draw z1..z2{right}--z3; labels(1,2,3); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % \begin{macro}{X} % The Phoenician \textit{tsade} which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L tsade (X)"; beginglyph("X", 0.6); x1=x2=leftloc; x3=0.6[leftloc, rightloc]; x4=0.4[leftloc, rightloc]; x5=rightloc; y1=0; y2=y3=h; y4=y5=0.8h; draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5; labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{R} % The letter resh which is asymmetrical. % \begin{macrocode} cmchar "Phoenician R-L resh (R)"; beginglyph("R", 0.4); x1=x2=x3=rightloc; x4=leftloc; bot y1=-o; top y2=h; y3=y4=0.5h; draw z1--z2--z4--z3; labels(1,2,3,4); endchar; % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % % The end of the glyphs and the file. % \begin{macrocode} end % % \end{macrocode} % % % % \section{The font definition files} \label{sec:fd} % % \begin{macrocode} %<*fdot1> \DeclareFontFamily{OT1}{phnc}{} \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{phnc}{m}{n}{ <-> phnc10 }{} \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{phnc}{bx}{n}{ <-> sub phnc/m/n }{} \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{phnc}{b}{n}{ <-> sub phnc/m/n }{} \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{phnc}{m}{sl}{ <-> sub phnc/m/n }{} \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{phnc}{m}{it}{ <-> sub phnc/m/n }{} % % \end{macrocode} % % % \begin{macrocode} %<*fdt1> \DeclareFontFamily{T1}{phnc}{} \DeclareFontShape{T1}{phnc}{m}{n}{ <-> phnc10 }{} \DeclareFontShape{T1}{phnc}{bx}{n}{ <-> sub phnc/m/n }{} \DeclareFontShape{T1}{phnc}{b}{n}{ <-> sub phnc/m/n }{} \DeclareFontShape{T1}{phnc}{m}{sl}{ <-> sub phnc/m/n }{} \DeclareFontShape{T1}{phnc}{m}{it}{ <-> sub phnc/m/n }{} % % \end{macrocode} % % \section{The \Lpack{phoenician} package code} \label{sec:code} % % Announce the name and version of the package, which requires % \LaTeXe{}. % \changes{v1.2}{2006/02/05}{Added code for L-R yod} % \begin{macrocode} %<*usc> \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} %%%\ProvidesPackage{phoenician}[2000/10/01 v1.1 package for Phoenician fonts] \ProvidesPackage{phoenician}[2006/02/05 v1.2 package for Phoenician fonts] % \end{macrocode} % % % \begin{macro}{\phncfamily} % Selects the Phoenician font family in the OT1 encoding. % \begin{macrocode} \newcommand{\phncfamily}{\usefont{OT1}{phnc}{m}{n}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{\textphnc} % Text command for the Phoenician font family. % \begin{macrocode} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textphnc}{\phncfamily} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % The commands for the signs. % \begin{macrocode} %%%\chardef\Arq=`' \chardef\ARrq=`' \chardef\Aaleph=`a \chardef\ARaleph=`a %%%\chardef\Aa=`a \chardef\ARa=`a \chardef\Arq=`' \chardef\ARrq=`' \chardef\Aaleph=`a \chardef\ARaleph=`A \chardef\Aa=`a \chardef\ARa=`A \chardef\Ab=`b \chardef\ARb=`B \chardef\Abeth=`b \chardef\ARbeth=`B \chardef\Ag=`g \chardef\ARg=`G \chardef\Agimel=`g \chardef\ARgimel=`G \chardef\Ad=`d \chardef\ARd=`d \chardef\Adaleth=`d \chardef\ARdaleth=`d \chardef\Ah=`h \chardef\ARh=`e \chardef\Ahe=`h \chardef\ARhe=`e \chardef\Af=`f \chardef\ARf=`F \chardef\Avaf=`f \chardef\ARvaf=`F \chardef\Az=`z \chardef\ARz=`z \chardef\Azayin=`z \chardef\ARzayin=`z \chardef\Ahd=`H \chardef\ARhd=`E \chardef\Aheth=`H \chardef\ARheth=`E \chardef\Atd=`T \chardef\ARtd=`T \chardef\Ateth=`T \chardef\ARteth=`T %%%\chardef\Ay=`y \chardef\ARy=`y \chardef\Ayod=`y \chardef\ARyod=`y \chardef\Ay=`y \chardef\ARy=`Y \chardef\Ayod=`y \chardef\ARyod=`Y \chardef\Ak=`k \chardef\ARk=`K \chardef\Akaph=`k \chardef\ARkaph=`K \chardef\Al=`l \chardef\ARl=`L \chardef\Alamed=`l \chardef\ARlamed=`L \chardef\Am=`m \chardef\ARm=`M \chardef\Amem=`m \chardef\ARmem=`M \chardef\An=`n \chardef\ARn=`N \chardef\Anun=`n \chardef\ARnun=`N \chardef\As=`s \chardef\ARs=`s \chardef\Asamekh=`s \chardef\ARsamekh=`s \chardef\Alq=`` \chardef\ARlq=`` \chardef\Aayin=`` \chardef\ARayin=`` \chardef\Ao=`o \chardef\ARo=`o \chardef\Ap=`p \chardef\ARp=`P \chardef\Ape=`p \chardef\ARpe=`P \chardef\Asd=`x \chardef\ARsd=`X \chardef\Asade=`x \chardef\ARsade=`X \chardef\Aq=`q \chardef\ARq=`q \chardef\Aqoph=`q \chardef\ARqoph=`q \chardef\Ar=`r \chardef\ARr=`R \chardef\Aresh=`r \chardef\ARresh=`R \chardef\Asv=`S \chardef\ARsv=`S \chardef\Ashin=`S \chardef\ARshin=`S \chardef\At=`t \chardef\ARt=`t \chardef\Atav=`t \chardef\ARtav=`t \chardef\Aw=`w \chardef\ARw=`w \chardef\Avav=`w \chardef\ARvav=`w % \end{macrocode} % % \begin{macro}{\translitphnc} % \begin{macro}{\translitphncfont} % |\translitphnc{|\meta{commands}|}| transliterates \meta{commands} % using the |\translitphncfont| font. % \begin{macrocode} \newcommand{\translitphnc}[1]{{% \@translitP\translitphncfont #1}} \newcommand{\translitphncfont}{\itshape} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % % \begin{macro}{\@translitP} % This macro redefines all the character commands to produce the % transliterated version instead of the glyph. % There must be no spaces in the definition. % \begin{macrocode} \newcommand{\@translitP}{% \def\Arq{'}\def\ARrq{\Arq}\def\Aaleph{\Arq}\def\ARaleph{\Arq}% \def\Aa{\Arq}\def\ARa{\Arq}% \def\Ab{b}\def\ARb{\Ab}\def\Abeth{\Ab}\def\ARbeth{\Ab}% \def\Ag{g}\def\ARg{\Ag}\def\Agimel{\Ag}\def\ARgimel{\Ag}% \def\Ad{d}\def\ARd{\Ad}\def\Adaleth{\Ad}\def\ARdaleth{\Ad}% \def\Ah{h}\def\ARh{\Ah}\def\Ahe{\Ah}\def\ARhe{\Ah}% \def\Af{w}\def\ARf{\Af}\def\Avaf{\Af}\def\ARvaf{\Af}% \def\Az{z}\def\ARz{\Az}\def\Azayin{\Az}\def\ARzayin{\Az}% \def\Ahd{\d{h}}\def\ARhd{\Ahd}\def\Aheth{\Ahd}\def\ARheth{\Ahd}% \def\Atd{\d{t}}\def\ARtd{\Atd}\def\Ateth{\Atd}\def\ARteth{\Atd}% \def\Ay{y}\def\ARy{\Ay}\def\Ayod{\Ay}\def\ARyod{\Ay}% \def\Ak{k}\def\ARk{\Ak}\def\Akaph{\Ak}\def\ARkaph{\Ak}% \def\Al{l}\def\ARl{\Al}\def\Alamed{\Al}\def\ARlamed{\Al}% \def\Am{m}\def\ARm{\Am}\def\Amem{\Am}\def\ARmem{\Am}% \def\An{n}\def\ARn{\An}\def\Anun{\An}\def\ARnun{\An}% \def\As{s}\def\ARs{\As}\def\Asamekh{\As}\def\ARsamekh{\As}% \def\Alq{`}\def\ARlq{\Alq}\def\Aayin{\Alq}\def\ARayin{\Alq}% \def\Ao{\Alq}\def\ARo{\Ablq}% \def\Ap{p}\def\ARp{\Ap}\def\Ape{\Ap}\def\ARpe{\Ap}% \def\Asd{\d{s}}\def\ARsd{\Asd}\def\Asade{\Asd}\def\ARsade{\Asd}% \def\Aq{q}\def\ARq{\Aq}\def\Aqoph{\Aq}\def\ARqoph{\Aq}% \def\Ar{r}\def\ARr{\Ar}\def\Aresh{\Ar}\def\ARresh{\Ar}% \def\Asv{\v{s}}\def\ARsv{\Asv}\def\Ashin{\Asv}\def\ARshin{\Asv}% \def\At{t}\def\ARt{\At}\def\Atav{\At}\def\ARtav{\At}% \def\Aw{w}\def\ARw{\Aw}\def\Avav{\Aw}\def\ARvav{\Aw}% } % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % % % % % % The end of this package. % \begin{macrocode} % % \end{macrocode} % % \section{The Type1 map file} % % Just a line. % \changes{v2.1}{2005/04/04}{Added the map file} % \begin{macrocode} %<*map> phnc10 Archaic-Phoenician % \end{macrocode} % % % % \Finale % ^^A \PrintIndex % \endinput %% \CharacterTable %% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z %% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z %% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9 %% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \# %% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \& %% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \) %% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \, %% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/ %% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \< %% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \? %% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\ %% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_ %% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \| %% Right brace \} Tilde \~}